Star Lore Art Coelum Stellatum Christianum Julius Schiller, Lucas Kilian, 1627

In 1627, German lawyer and astronomer Julius Schiller published a star map in the attempt to replace the "pagan" constellations with biblical names and themes. His Coelum Stellatum Christianum (The Christian Starry Heaven) was supported by fellow German astronomer Johann Bayer who in 1603 had published the popular star atlas Uranometria. In his rather extensive work, Schiller replaced the twelve constellations of the Zodiac with the twelve apostles, the other northern constellations with themes and characters from the New Testament and the southern constellations with themes and characters from the Old Testament. He even "renamed" the then known planets. Mercury became Elias, Venus became St. John the Baptist, Mars became Joshua, Jupiter became Moses, and Saturn became Adam. The 54 copper plates were engraved by Lucas Kilian. Contrary to most other star catalogs, Kilian's work showed the constellations not as seen from Earth but in the orientation of a celestial globe, in the way how "God would look at the firmament from up above. Schiller's constellations never gained much popularity. Only Dutch–German cartographer and cosmographer Andreas Cellarius used them in two plates in his 1660 publication Harmonia Macrocosmica. Harmonia Macrocosmica was not a star atlas but rather an illustrated compendium, showing the concepts of Ptolemy, Copernicus, Tycho Brahe and - for completeness sake - Schiller. Below is a complete listing of the plates of Coelum Stellatum Christianum. The images are linked to German Wikipedia. Other complete collection of the engravings can be found at atlascoelestis.com and Spanish Wikipedia. Sources: Wikipedia, Delaware Gazette, SkyEye, Linda Hall Library Stephen J. Gertz: When the Heavens Converted to Christianity

Engraver Lucas Kilian Source: Wikipedia Schiller's constellations on a celestial globe Source: paperpino.net

Northern Hemispere - New Testament

Title	Sancti Michaelis Archangeli Archangel Michael Ursa Minor	Naviculæ S. Petri Apostoli The Boat of St. Peter Ursa Major	Sanctorum Innocentum Pucrorum The Innocent Children Draco	Sancti Stephani Protomaryris Saint Stephen Cepheus

Sancti Silvestri Pontificis Max Pope Sylvester I Boötes	Flagelli XPI Domini Flagellation of Christ Coma Berenices	Coronæ XPI Spineæ Crown of Thorns Corona Borealis	Sanctorum Trium Regum The Three Wise Men Hercules	Præsepii Salvatoris Christi Nativity Lyra

Cum Cius Inventrice S. Helena Saint Helena Cygnus	Sanctæ Mariæ Magdalenæ Mary Magdalene Cassiopeia	Sancti Pauli Apostoli Paul the Apostle Perseus	Sancti Hieroymi Ecclesiæ Doctoris Saint Jerome Auriga	Sancti Patris Benedicti Inter Spinas Saint Benedict and Thornbushes Ophiuchus, Serpens

Clavorum XPI Crucifixi et Sanctæ Catarinæ Virginis The Holy Lance and Saint Catherine Sagitta, Aquila	Hydriæ Canæ et Rose Mysticæ Stone Jat at the Marriage at Cana and Rosa Mystica Delphinus, Equuleus	Sancti Gabrielis Archangelæ Archangel Gabriel Pegasus	Sepulchri XPI Triumphatoris Holy Sepulchre Andromeda	Mitræ Pontificalis S. Petri Papal Tiara Triangulum

Sanctorum Joachimi et Annæ Parentum Deiparæ Saint Joachim and Saint Anne Cetus	Sancti Joseph Viri Mariæ Saint Joseph Orion

Zodiac - Twelve Apostles

Sancti Petri Principus Apostolorum Saint Peter Aries	Sancti Andreæ Apostoli Saint Andrew Taurus	Sancti Iacobi Maioris Apostoli Saint James the Greater Gemini	Sancti Ioannis Apostoli et Evangelistæ Saint John Cancer	Sancti Thomæ Apostoli Saint Thomas Leo

Sancti Jacobi Minoris Apostoli Saint James, Son of Alphaeus Virgo	Sancti Philippi Apostoli Saint Philip Libra	Sancti Bartholoomæ Apostoli Saint Bartholomew Scorpius	Sancti Simonis Zelotis Apostoli Saint Matthew Sagittarius	Sancti Thomæ Apostoli et Evangelistæ Saint Simon the Zealot Capricornus

Sancti Ivdæ Thadæi Apostoli Saint Jude Aquarius	Sancti Matthiæ Apostoli Saint Matthias Pisces

Southern Hemispere - Old Testament

Transitus Israel Nempe per Mare Rubrum Crossing the Red Sea Eridanus	Velleris Gideonis et Columbæ Noachi Gideon and Noah's Dove Lepus, Columba	Sancti Regis Davidis King David Canis Major	Agni Paschalis Lamb of God Canis Minor	Archæ Patriarchæ Noachi Noah's Ark Argo Navis

Iordanis Fluvii . River Jordan Hydra	Sanctæ Arcæ Foederis . Ark of the Covenant Crater, Corvus	Sanctorum Patriarcharum Abrahami et Isaaci Abraham and Isaac Centaurus	Sancti Israelis Sive Jacobi Patriarchæ Jacob Lupus	Altaris Thymiamatis et Diadematis Regis Salomonis Showbread Table and King Solomon's Crown Ara, Corona Australis

Hydriæ Farinæ Sarepthanæ Vidvæ Flour Barrel of the Widow of Zarephath Piscis Austrinus	Aaronis Summi Sacerodotis High Priest Aaron Grus, Phoenix	Servi Dei Iob . Job Pavo, Indus	Evæ Matris Cumctorum Viventium et Signi Mystici Tav Eve and The Tau Cross Musca, Triangulum Australe	Abbelis Iusti . Abel Volans, Dorado

Sancti Raphaelis Archangeli Archangel Raphael Tucana, Hydrus

https://collections.artsmia.org/art/73906/saint-stephen-julius-schiller https://collections.artsmia.org/art/73904/noahs-ark-julius-schiller https://www.ebay.de/itm/362736839366?mkevt=1&mkcid=1&mkrid=707-53477-19255-0&campid=5338722076&toolid=10001

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