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Myths about the Constellation

Orion

Part 2 - Europe and Middle East

Aurvandil Orion is one of the most prominent and most recognizable constellations in our winter sky. Located on the celestial equator, the constellation is visible throughout the world.

The constellation is named after the hunter Orion in Greek mythology.

Throughout Europe and the Middle East, Orion is associated with some of the leading Gods in various ancient cultures.


Prehistoric Europe

In 1979, a small ivory tablet was found in a cave in the Ach Valley in Germany's Alb-Danube region. It was dated to be between 32,500 and 38,000 years old, which associates its with the Aurignacian people, Europe's first modern humans.

Dr Michael Rappenglueck, formerly of the University of Munich suggests, that the man-like figure in the carving has his arms and legs outstretched in the same pose as the stars of Orion. That would make it the oldest star-chart ever found.

Source: BBC News, 21 January, 2003

Carvings of a man and a star chart
Source: BBC

Viking

In at least one study, Orwandil is identified as the Norse name of Orion with Rigel being one of Orwandil's toes. This refers to Aurvandil the Valiant a figure from 13th century's Younger Edda.

In Norway and Iceland, Orion's Belt was known as Fiskikarlar (the Fishermen), while in Sweden, it was known as Friggerock (Frigg's Distaff or Freyja's distaff).

Sources: Richard H. Allen: Star Names and their Meanings,
Jonas Persson, Norse Constellations

Aurvandil the Valiant
Source: Viking talizmánok

Germanic

There may be some analogies between the Greek legend of Orion and the Scorpion in Germanic mythology, where a mystic sword takes the place of the scorpion's stinger. In the Ţiđreks saga King Niđung orders two smiths, Velent and Amilias, to forge an armor, a helmet and a sword. to determine, which of them is the better smith. Amilias forged a helmet and suit of armor while Velent forged a sword, named Mimung. When the king puts both to the test, the sword easily cuts through the helmet and the suit of armor, killing Amilias.

There are theories that the constellation Orion in its characteristic form of shoulders, belt, and feet stands for Amilias' armor, and that the Germanic gods put the armor (Orion) and the sword (Scorpio) on opposite sides of the sky as the Greek gods did with Orion and the scorpion.

Sources: Germanic Astronomy: The Forging of the Sword Mimung
Germanic Astronomy: Germanic Variants of The Scorpio and Orion Myth

Velent, forging the Sword Mimung
Source: Germanic Astronomy

Grimms' Fairy Tales

In Sweden and Germany, Orion's Belt was known as Friggerock (Swedish) or Friggas Rocken (German), meaning Frigg's or Freyja's distaff.

Freya is the goddess of love, beauty and fertility in Norse mythology; Frigg is the goddess of wisdom and the wife of Odin in Germanic mythology. Weather both are actually the same is still debated among scholars, but both are credited with teaching the people spinning.

Later, in German folklore the image of the distaff became part of the fairy tale of Little Briar Rose (Dornröschen), today best known as Sleeping Beauty from the 1959 Disney movie.

In the original version, the princess falls asleep after she pricks her finger on a piece of flax from the distaff - still represented by Orion's Belt; later the injury was caused by a spindle.

The tale has its origins in the story of Sleeping Brynhild in the German Völsunga saga (10th century) and the English tale of Perceforest (14th century).

It was first recorded by Giambattista Basile in 1528 and by Charles Perrault in 1697.

Today's most popular version was recorded by the Brothers Grimm in 1812.

Little Briar Rose was associated with the Sun and Orion's Belt was seen as the cursed spindle as the heliacal rising of the star formation signaled the beginning of winter - the time when the Sun "fell asleep."

Sources: Arthur Drews: DerSternenhimmel,
Schmidt, Floss: Germanisches Sagen und Märchenbuch,
Ralf Koneckis: Mythen und Märchen - Was uns die Sterne darüber verraten

Frigg and handmaiden with a distaff
Ludwig Pietsch, 1885
Source: Wikipedia

Little Briar Rose grabs the spindle
by Alexander Zick
Source: Wikipedia

Hungarian Mythology

From Wikipedia: In old Hungarian tradition, "Orion" is known as (magic) Archer (Íjász), or Reaper (Kaszás). In recently rediscovered myths, he is called Nimrod (Hungarian Nimród), the greatest hunter, father of the twins Hunor and Magor.

Hungarian tradition relates the twins to the constellation Gemini.

In other Hungarian traditions, Orion's belt is known as "Judge's stick" (Bírópálca).

Source: Wikipedia

Hungarian Archer
Source: Pintower

Finland

In Finish folklore, Orion is known as Väinämöinen.

Väinämöinen is an old wise man with a potent, magical voice. He is the main character of Finland's national epic Kalevala.

Consequently, Orion's Belt is called Väinämöisen vyö (Väinämöinen's Belt), while the stars below it are known as Kalevanmiekka (Kaleva's sword).

In other Finish myths, the Belt and the stars below it are called Väinämöisen viikate (Väinämöinen's scythe)

Source: Wikipedia

Väinämöinen in a painting by
Akseli Gallen-Kallela
Source: Wikipedia

Macedonia

In ancient Macedonia, Betelgeuse was known as Orach, the plowman. The belt-stars were seen as the plow's handle.

The rising of Betelgeuse at around 3 a.m. in late summer and autumn signified the time for village men to go to the fields and plough.

The interpretation of Orion as an oxen and a plow was common in other eastern European cultures, such as Bulgarians, Serbians, Albanians, Romanians and Ukrainians, too.

Sources: Wikipedia and Yuri Berezkin: European Sky in the past


Armenia

In Armenia, Orion represents the nation's legendary patriarch and founder Hayk.

Hayk was first mentioned in the ancient text History of Armenia, attributed to Moses of Chorene (ca. 410–490s AD).

Hayk is also the name of the Orion constellation in the Armenian translation of the Bible.

Source: Wikipedia

Statue of Hayk in Yerevan, Armenia
Source: Wikipedia

Hittites

In a Hittite legend from around the same time as the Epics of Gilgamesh (1600 BC), battle-goddess Anat falls in love with a hunter but accidentally kills him when he refuses to give her his bow.

This story may be related to a version of the Greek Orion myth, in which Artemis, the goddess of the hunt and the wilderness falls in love with Orion, but is tricked by her brother Apollo into killing Orion with an arrow.

Source: Chandra Observatory


Bronze figurine of Anat
Levant region, 1400–1200 BC
Source: Wikipedia

Aram

From Wikipedia:
In ancient Aram, Orion was known as Nephîlā′. The Nephilim are said to be Orion's descendants.

Source: Wikipedia


Orion References in the Bible

From Wikipedia:
The Bible mentions Orion three times, naming it Kesil (כסיל, literally – fool). Though, this name perhaps is etymologically connected with Kislev, the name for the ninth month of the Hebrew calendar (i.e. November–December), which, in turn, may derive from the Hebrew root K-S-L as in the words kesel, kisla (כֵּסֶל, כִּסְלָה, hope, positiveness), i.e. hope for winter rains.

Job 9:9 He is the maker of the Bear and Orion
Job 38:31 Can you loosen Orion's belt?
Amos 5:8 He who made the Pleiades and Orion.

Sources: Wikipedia and biblehub

In Spain and most of Latin America, the stars of Orion's Belt are called Las tres Marías (The Three Marys).

In Puerto Rico, the three stars are known as Los Tres Reyes Magos (The three Wise Men).

Similarely, in South Africa, the Belt Stars are called Drie Konings (the three kings).

Sources: Wikipedia, Constellation Guide

al-jawza’ - The Arabian Orion

Before abd al-rahman al-sufi and other Arabic astronomers adopted Ptolemy's constellations, people on the Arabian Peninsula had their own way to navigate the sky, creating constellations like Lam, Ostriches and Vulture.

Some of their constellations were based on patterns first developed in Mesopotamia 4,000 years earlier.

Working on her PhD at the University of Arizona in Tucson, Danielle Adams developed an excellent project called Arab Star Calendar to preserve the astronomical knowledge of the people of the Arabian Desert.

al-jawza celestial-complex presentated by Danielle Adams at Arab Star Calendar
al-jawza’ is one of the largest of the eleven Arabian Celestial Complexes.

At the core of al-jawza’ is Orion, but the complete complex reaches out ito six other neighboring modern constellations.

Danielle Adams provides an extensive description of all sections of this celestial complex. She writes:
Jawza’ was and is a highly celebrated star grouping in the night sky. Like Thuraya, Jawza’ is a fantastically old star name that has been anthropomorphized over time.

By the time of Ibn Qutayba (died 889 CE), Jawza’ was a fully articulated human figure, the only one in the Arabian sky. (Thuraya only has a head and two magnificent arms.)

However, it is most likely that the earliest iteration of this asterism consisted of just the three central stars that form a straight line.

Indeed, the name Jawza’ comes from the Arabic root that means something in the center. These three stars are known to us today as the Belt of Orion.

The Arabic Star Catalog lists all the individual elements of Jawza’:

al-jawza; Source: Youtube:
Where Orion is Known as Al-Jawza'
The Lady in the Middle
al-jawza’ - الجوزاء

Mintaka (δ Ori)
Alnilam (ε Ori)
Alnitak (ζ Ori)

The Jeweled Belt of Jawza’
mintaqat al-jawza’ - منطقة الجوزاء

Same as al-jawza’ above

The Two Hands of Jawza’
yada al-jawza’ - يدا الجوزاء

Betelgeuse (α Ori)
Bellatrix (γ Ori)

The Two Feet of Jawza’
rijla al-jawza’ - رجلا الجوزاء

Rigel (β Ori)
Saiph (κ Ori)

The Head of Jawza’
ra’s al-jawza’ - رأس الجوزاء

Meissa (λ Ori)
φ1 and φ2 Ori

The Flowing Locks of Hair
adh-dhawa’ib - الذوائب

110,119, 137 Tau
11,15 Ori
ο2 Ori, π1 - π6 Ori

The Bow of Jawza’
qaws al-jawza’ - قوس الجوزاء

Tejat Prior (η Gem)
Tejat Posterior (μ Gem)
ν Gem
Alhena (γ Gem)
Alzirr (ξ Gem)
13, 15, ε Mon

The Front Footstool
al-kursi al-muqadam - الكرسي المقدم

τ Ori
Cursa (β Eri)
ψ, λ Eri

The Rear Footstool
al-kursi al-mu’akhar - الكرسي المؤخر

Arneb (α Lep)
Nihal (β Lep)
γ, δ Lep

The Maidenhead of Jawza’
‘udhrat al-jawza’ - عذرة الجوزاء

Wezen (δ CMa)
Adhara (ε CMa)
Aludra (η CMa)
ο2, σ CMa

In an ancient Arab legend, Jawza’ was promised to a man named Suhayl, who lived across the river with his two sisters. The sisters were known Shi’rayan, the Two Shi’ra‘s.

Nobody knows exactly what happened in the wedding night, but when morning came, Jawza’ was found dead. Jawza’s family sought blood vengeance and Suhayl, fearing for his life fled far to the south, leaving his sisters behind.

One of the sisters later crossed the river to be closer to Suhayl. She was thereafter named ash-shi’ra al-‘abur, the Shi’ra who crossed over.

The other sister stayed behind on the other side of the river and cried and cried so much that she was named ash-shi’ra al-ghumaysa, the little bleary-eyed Shi’ra.
al-jawza; Source: Youtube:
Where Orion is Known as Al-Jawza'
The characters of this legend expand the celestial complex beyond the stars of al-jawza’. To the south of Jawza’ is Suhayl, represented by Canopus (α Carinae), the second brightest star in the sky; so far to the south that it can only be seen at latitudes south of 35 degrees North.

Shi’rayan, the two sisters are still on opposite sides of the river (which is the Milky Way).

ash-shi’ra al-‘abur, the Shi’ra who crossed over, is represented by the brightest star in the sky, Sirius (α Canis Majoris) while ash-shi’ra al-ghumaysa, the little bleary-eyed Shi’ra on the other side of the Milky Way is Procyon (α Canis Minoris).

Source: Danielle Adams

Danielle Adams kept the legend of Jawza’ and Suhayl alive in two essays:

Jawza’, Snow Queen of the Arabs: Winter begins

Whose stars? Our heritage of Arabian astronomy.

<
Medieval Islamic Astronomy

Much of the later versions of Orion go back to the original al-jawza’ complex. But there are also some other interpretations of "the one in the middle."

R.H. Allen tells us that al-jawza’ was originally the term used for a black sheep with a white spot in the middle of the body. In his theory, the constellation was seen as the middle figure of the heavens.

Allen also tells us that another translation of al-jawza’ is "Walnut" and that the stars of Orion's Belt were once called "The Golden Nuts."

Later, in the 10th century AD, Persian astronomer Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi based his description in the Book of Fixed Stars on Ptolemy and depicted the constellation accordingly.

However, al-Sufi also mentioned another Arab interpretation in which Rigel (β Ori) was called rāʽi al-jawza’, the Herdsman of the Jawza’ with α, γ, δ and κ Orionis being the Herdsman's camels.

Sources: R.H. Allen, Jim Kaler: Stellar Stories.

Colored 1602 copy of
al-Sufi's illustration
Source: Wikipedia

Almost all of today's common names of Orion's main stars are of Arabic origin:

α Betelgeuse بط الجوزاء / يد الجوزاء Ibṭ al-Jauzā / Yad al-Jauzā Armpit / Hand of al-Jauzā
β Rigel رجل جوزة اليسراى Rijl Jauzah al Yusrāʽ Left Leg of al-Jauzā
γ Bellatrix النجيد Al Najīd The Conqueror
δ Mintaka المنكة Al Minṭakah The Belt
ε Alnilam النظام al-Niẓām String of Pearls
ζ Alnitak النطاق an-Niṭāq The Girdle
κ Saiph سیف الجبّار aaif al-Jabbar Sword of the Giant
ι Hatysa نير السيف Nayyir as-Sayf The Bright One of the Sword
λ Meissa الميسان al-Maisan The Shining One
υ Thabit ﺛﺎﺑﺖ Tabit The Endurer

Official names derived from Arabic origins are shown in bold.
The name Betelgeuse (α Ori) has its roots in the Arab words ibṭ al-jawza’ and yad al-jawza’, both referring to the al-Jauzā constellation. Since al-Jauzā later became Orion, ibṭ al-jawza’ and yad al-jawza’ are often translated as "Orion's Armpit" and "Orion's Hand," respectively.

R.H. Allen lists a number of other Arab, Persian and Coptic names, all referring to "Shoulder", "Arm" or "Hand."

Sources: Wikipedia, R.H. Allen

The name Rigel (β Ori) is derived from rijl jawza’ al yusrāʽ, the Left Leg of the Jawza’;. According to R.H. Allen, the name Rigel first appeared in 1252 in the Alfonsine Tables.

Source: R.H. Allen

The name Bellatrix (γ Ori) is also taken from contemporary reprints of the Alfonsine Tables. Tee original Arabic name, first used by 9th century Persian astrologer Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi was Al Najīd, meaning "the Conqueror."

Orion based on King Alfonso X's
Books of Wisdom of Astronomy
Source: Patrimonio


Al-Balkhi had the name al najīd originally assigned to Capella (α Aur), but in the 15th century, the name shifted. Timurid sultan and astronomer Ulugh Beg called the star al murzim al najīd, meaning "the Roaring Conqueror" or "the Conquering Lion", which, according to R.H. Allen is "... heralding his presence by his roar, as if this star were announcing the immediate rising of the still more brilliant Rigel, or of the whole constellation."

The Vienna School of Astronomy "translated" the Arabic name to Bellatrix, which is Latin for "Female Warrior," hence again referring to Jawza’ as a woman.

Sources: Wikipedia, R.H. Allen
There were several Arabic names for Orion's Belt. It was known as al nijād (the Belt), al Nasak (the Line) and al Alkāt (the Golden Grains or the GoldenNuts).

Source: Wikipedia

The names of the three belt stars are closely related to the "Belt" image:

Mintaka (δ Ori) is derived from the Arabic al minṭakah, which is another name for "the Belt."

Source: Wikipedia

Alnilam (ε Ori) comes from the Arabic al-niẓām, which is a string of pearls.

Source: Wikipedia

Alnitak (ζ Ori) is derived from the Arabic an-niṭāq, meaning "the girdle."

Source: Wikipedia

Arabic Names of the stars of Orion
Chart done by the author based on a map by seasky.org
Saiph (κ Ori) comes from the Arabic saif al jabbar, meaning "sword of the giant."

Referring to the star's position at the "right leg" of Orion, 17th century Egyptian astronomer al-Muwaqqit called the star rekbah al-jawza’ al yemeniat, the "right knee of the giant."

Source: Wikipedia

Iota Orionis was originally called nayyir as-sayf, "the Bright One of the Sword."

In 1951, Czech astronomer Antonín Bečvář assigned the name Hatysa to the star. In 2016, that name was chosen by the IAU over the original Arabic name as the official designation of Iota Orionis.

Source: Wikipedia

The name Meissa (λ Ori) derived from the Arabic al-maisan, "The Shining One." Originally, that name was used for the nearby γ Geminorum. Through the transition of Arabic star tables to the Alfonsine Tables (which were written in Castilian) to the Latin tables of Renaissance Europe, the name was mistakenly transferred to λ Orionis.

The original Arabic name of λ Orionis was Al Hakah, the "White Spot," most likely referring to the translation of al-jawza’ as a black sheep with a white spot in the middle of the body.

Al Hakah was also the name of the Fifth Arabic Lunar Mansion, formed by λ Ori together with φ
1 and φ2 Ori.

Sources: Wikipedia, Ihsan Hafez: Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi and his book of the fixed stars: a journey of re-discovery

Thabit (υ Ori) is derived from al thabit, which means "the Endurer." R.H. Allen notes that the name first appeared in 1835 in the star atlas Geography of the Heavens by Elijah Hinsdale Burritt. No further details were given.

Sources: Wikipedia, R.H. Allen

Orion References in Islam

From Wikipedia:
In medieval Muslim astronomy, Orion was known as al-jabbar "the giant". Orion's sixth brightest star, Saiph, is named from the Arabic, saif al-jabbar, meaning "sword of the giant".
(End of Wikipedia quote)

According to Richard Shequist, al-Jabbār is one of the ninety-nine Beautiful Names given to Allah, meaning
The Restorer, The Repairer, The All-Compelling, The Irresistible.

Sources: Wikipedia and Beautiful Names of Allah

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